Key Takeaways
- • Celestia's Fibre data-availability system sustained 3.07 terabits per second (Tb/s) throughput in an end-to-end benchmark across 120 validators, representing a 3x improvement over the 1 Tb/s partial benchmark demonstrated earlier in 2026.
- • The 3.07 Tb/s capacity is equivalent to processing nearly 2 billion transactions per second—surpassing Visa's entire 2025 transaction volume in approximately 2 minutes.
- • Fibre's architecture separates blob data distribution from onchain commitment recording, allowing validators to hold data shares independently while the blockchain only records cryptographic commitments and validator signatures, eliminating the chain's need to process raw data throughput.
- • The benchmark tested the complete production pipeline: blob encoding, piece distribution and storage across validators, signature collection (requiring two-thirds voting power confirmation), and onchain commitment submission.
- • Celestia has optimized Fibre's performance since March 2026 through repeated verification elimination, memory reuse, and removal of unnecessary data copies to handle increased concurrent uploads.
Summary
Celestia announced that its Fibre data-availability protocol sustained 3.07 terabits per second of throughput in a production-grade, end-to-end benchmark conducted across 120 validators on October 1, 2026. The test was conducted at the request of a prospective customer with extreme throughput requirements and represents validation of Fibre's capacity to handle enterprise-scale blockchain transaction data.
The 3.07 Tb/s throughput translates to approximately 2 billion transactions per second in data capacity—a scale that would encompass all of Visa's 2025 transaction volume in just over two minutes. This result marks a significant advancement from Fibre's earlier 1 Tb/s demonstration achieved in a partial benchmark earlier in 2026. The production benchmark encompassed the entire system architecture: encoding of fresh data blobs, distribution and storage of piece shares across the validator set, collection of validator signatures confirming piece custody, and submission of commitments and signatures onchain.
Fibre's throughput efficiency derives from its architectural approach to data separation. Rather than requiring the blockchain itself to process and store raw transaction data, Fibre directs blob data directly to validators. Celestia's ledger records only cryptographic commitments to the data and validators' signatures confirming they hold the required pieces. This separation—where validators maintain independent share copies while the chain tracks only metadata—eliminates the onchain bottleneck that constrains throughput in traditional blockchain systems.
Celestia has pursued systematic optimization since March 2026, focusing on reducing redundant verification operations, reusing allocated memory across operations, and eliminating unnecessary data copying within the processing pipeline. These engineering improvements enabled Fibre to handle increased concurrent blob uploads and higher aggregate throughput. The benchmark's success across 120 validators in a production configuration demonstrates Fibre's readiness to support the anticipated increase in onchain transaction data as agentic payments and decentralized financial applications scale.
The 3.07 Tb/s throughput translates to approximately 2 billion transactions per second in data capacity—a scale that would encompass all of Visa's 2025 transaction volume in just over two minutes. This result marks a significant advancement from Fibre's earlier 1 Tb/s demonstration achieved in a partial benchmark earlier in 2026. The production benchmark encompassed the entire system architecture: encoding of fresh data blobs, distribution and storage of piece shares across the validator set, collection of validator signatures confirming piece custody, and submission of commitments and signatures onchain.
Fibre's throughput efficiency derives from its architectural approach to data separation. Rather than requiring the blockchain itself to process and store raw transaction data, Fibre directs blob data directly to validators. Celestia's ledger records only cryptographic commitments to the data and validators' signatures confirming they hold the required pieces. This separation—where validators maintain independent share copies while the chain tracks only metadata—eliminates the onchain bottleneck that constrains throughput in traditional blockchain systems.
Celestia has pursued systematic optimization since March 2026, focusing on reducing redundant verification operations, reusing allocated memory across operations, and eliminating unnecessary data copying within the processing pipeline. These engineering improvements enabled Fibre to handle increased concurrent blob uploads and higher aggregate throughput. The benchmark's success across 120 validators in a production configuration demonstrates Fibre's readiness to support the anticipated increase in onchain transaction data as agentic payments and decentralized financial applications scale.
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